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European Portuguese x Brazilian Portuguese

Portuguese is in 7th place among the ten most-spoken languages in the world. It is derived from the Latin and it is a major or official language in nine countries and it is one of the 20 official languages of the European Union (2005) and a working language in several international venues. The largest Portuguese-speaking country is Brazil with almost 200 million people. Other Portuguese-speaking countries with large populations include Mozambique (19 million), Angola (13 million), Portugal (10 million) and some other 4.8 million Portuguese living in the four corners of the World. Smaller countries or regions where the Portuguese language is spoken include Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé e Príncipe in Africa and East Timor and Macao, S.A.R. of China in Asia. All together, around 220 million people speak and write Portuguese in its two varieties. With the exception of Brazil, apart from local colloquialisms and "street lingo", in ALL Portuguese-speaking countries and territories (around 50 million people) the linguistic variety spoken and used by the population and in official business is the EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE. As with other languages spoken in different countries and places of the world, Portuguese differs in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar, mainly between Portugal and Brazil.
There are sizeable communities of Portuguese speakers in various regions of North America, notably in the United States (New Jersey, New England, California and south Florida) and in Ontario, Canada.
Roughly speaking, the differences between European Portuguese and standard Brazilian Portuguese are comparable to the ones found between British and standard American English. As with many languages, the differences between standard Brazilian Portuguese and its informal vernacular are quite significant,
In various aspects, the system of sounds in Portuguese is more similar to the phonologies of Catalan or French than, say, those of Spanish or Italian.

Article prepared by Micheline Calinsky

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A- 1. Abanyom 2. Abaza 3. Abenaki 4. Abkhaz or Abkhazian 5. Abujmaria 6. Acehnese 7. Adamorobe 8. Adele 9. Adyghe 10. Afar 11. Afrikaans 12. Afro-Seminole Creole 13. Aimaq or Barbari 14. Aini 15. Ainu 16. Akan 17. Akawaio 19. Aklanon 20. Albanian 21. Aleut 22. Algonquin 24. Alsatian 25. Altay 26. Alutor 27. American Sign Language (Signing) 28. Amharic 30. Anglo-Saxon or Old English 31. Amdang 33. Andalusian 34. Angaur 35. Angika 36. Anyin 37. Ao 38. A-Pucikwar 39. Arabic (Semitic) 40. Aragonese (Romance) 41. Aramaic (Semitic) 42. Are (Malayo-Polynesian) 43. Argobba (Semitic) 44. Aromanian or Macedo-Romanian (Romance) 45. Armenian (Indo-European) 46. Arvanitic (Indo-European) 47. Ashkenazi Hebrew (Semitic) 48. Ashkun (Indo-Iranian) 49. Assamese (Indo-Iranian) 50. Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) 51. Ateso or Teso (Nilotic) 52. Asi (Malayo-Polynesian) 53. Asturian (Romance) 54. Ati (Malayo-Polynesian) 55. Auslan (Signing) 56. Avar (Northeast Caucasian) 57. Avestan (Indo-Iranian) 58. Awadhi (Indo-Iranian) 59. Aymara (Aymaran) 60. Azerbaijani (Turkic)

B- 1. Badaga (Dravidian) 2. Badeshi (Indo-Iranian) 3. Bahnar (Austroasiatic) 4. Bajelani (Indo-Iranian) 5. Balinese (Malayo-Polynesian) 6. Balochi (Indo-Iranian) 7. Balti (Tibeto-Burman) 8. Bambara or Bamanankan (Mande) 9. Banjar (Malayo-Polynesian) 10. Banyumasan (Malayo-Polynesian) 11. Basaa (Bantu) 12. Bashkir (Turkic) 13. Basque (Isolated) 14. Batak Dairi (Malayo-Polynesian) 15. Batak Karo (Malayo-Polynesian) 16. Batak Mandailing (Malayo-Polynesian) 17. Batak Simalungun (Malayo-Polynesian) 18. Batak Toba (Malayo-Polynesian) 19. Bateri (Indo-Iranian language) 20. Bats (North Caucasian) 21. Bavarian (Germanic) 22. Beja (Cushitic) 23. Belarusian (Slavic) 24. Belhare (Tibeto-Burman) 25. Bellari (Dravidian) 26. Berta (Nilo-Saharan) 27. Bemba (Bantu) 28. Bengali (Indo-Aryan) 29. Bengali Sign language (Sign languages) 30. Bezhta (Northeast Caucasian) 31. Beothuk (unclassified) (extinct) 32. Berber (Afro-Asiatic) 33. Bete (Niger-Congo) 34. Bété (Niger-Congo) 35. Bhili (Indo-Aryan) 36. Bhojpuri (Indo-Aryan) 37. Bijil Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) 38. Bikol (Malayo-Polynesian) 39. Bikya or Furu (Bantu) 40. Bissa (Mande) 41. Blackfoot (Algonquian) 42. Boholano (Malayo-Polynesian) 43. Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) 44. Bolgar (unclassified) (extinct) 45. Bonan or Paoan (Mongolic) 46. Bororo (Bororoan) 47. Bosnian (Slavic) 48. Brahui (Dravidian) 49. Breton (Celtic) 50. British Sign Language (Signing) 51. Bua (Niger-Congo) 52. Buginese (Malayo-Polynesian) 53. Bukusu (Bantu) 54. Bulgarian (Slavic) 55. Bunjevac (Slavic) 56. Burmese (Tibeto-Burman) 57. Burushaski (language isolate) 58. Buryat (Mongolic)

C- 1. Caluyanon 2. Camunic 3. Cantonese (Sinitic) 4. Carian (Anatolian) (extinct) 5. Catawba (Siouan) (extinct) 6. Catalan (Romance) 7. Cayuga (Iroquoian) 8. Cebuano (Malayo-Polynesian) 9. Chabacano or Chavacano (Creole) 10. Chaga or Kichagga (Bantu) 11. Chagatai (Turkic) (extinct) 12. Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) 13. Chamorro (Malayo-Polynesian) 14. Chaouia or Tachawit (Berber) 15. Chechen (Northeast Caucasian) 16. Chemakum (Chimakuan) (extinct) 17. Chenchu (Dravidian) 18. Chenoua (Berber) 19. Cherokee (Iroquoian) 20. Cheyenne (Algonquian) 21. Chhattisgarhi (Indo-Aryan) 22. Chickasaw (Muskogean) 23. Chintang or Chhintang (Tibeto-Burman) 24. Chilcotin (Athabaskan) 25. Chinese (Sinitic) 26. Chiricahua or Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (Athabaskan) 27. Chichewa or Nyanja (Bantu) 28. Chipewyan (Athabaskan) 29. Chittagonian (Indo-Aryan) 30. Choctaw (Muskogean) 31. Chorasmian or Khwarezmian (Iranian) 32. Chukchi or Chukot (Chukotko-Kamchatkan) 33. Chulym (Turkic) 34. Church Slavonic (Slavic) 35. Chuukese or Trukese (Malayo-Polynesian) 36. Chuvash (Turkic) 37. Cocoma or Cocama (Tupian) 38. Cocopa (Hokan) 39. Coeur d’Alene (Salishan) 40. Comorian (Bantu) 41. Coptic (Egyptian) (extinct, liturgical language) 42. Cornish (Celtic) (revived) 43. Corsican (Romance) 44. Cree (Algonquian) 45. Crimean Tatar or Crimean Turkish (Turkic) 46. Croatian (Slavic) 47. Cuman (Turkic) (extinct) 48. Cumbric (Celtic) (extinct) 49. Curonian (Baltic) (extinct) 50. Cuyonon (Malayo-Polynesian) 51. Czech (Slavic)

D- 1. Dacian (Indo-European) (extinct) 2. Dagbani (Gur) 3. Dahlik (Semitic) 4. Dalecarlian (Germanic) 5. Dalmatian (Romance) (extinct) 6. Dameli (Indo-Aryan) 7. Danish (Germanic) 8. Dargin (Northeast Caucasian) 9. Dari (Zoroastrian) (Iranian) 10. Dari-Persian (Iranian) 11. Darkhat (Mongolic) 12. Daur or Dagur (Mongolic) 13. Dena'ina or Tanaina (Athapaskan) 14. Dhatki (Indo-Aryan) 15. Dhivehi or Maldivian (Indo-Aryan) 16. Dida (Volta-Congo) 17. Dioula or Jula (Mande) 18. Dogri (Indo-Aryan) 19. Dogrib or Tli Cho (Athapaskan) 20. Dolgan (Turkic) 21. Domaaki 22. Dongxiang 23. Duala (Bantu) 24. Dungan (Sinitic) 25. Dutch 26. Dzhidi 27. Dzongkha

E- 1. Eastern Yugur 2. Eblaite 3. Edomite 4. Egyptian 5. Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) 6. Ekoti (Bantu) 7. Elamite (isolated) (extinct) 8. Endegen (Semitic) 9. Enets or Yenisey Samoyed (Samoyedic) 10. English (Germanic) 11. Ennemor or Inor (Semitic) 12. Erzya (Finno-Ugric) 13. Esperanto (planned language) 14. Estonian (Finno-Ugric) 15. Etruscan (Tyrsenian) (extinct) 16. Even (Altaic)

F- 1. Faeroese (Germanic) 2. Fang (Bantu) 3. Fars 4. Fijian 5. Filipino 6. Finnish (Finno-Ugric) 7. Finnish Sign Language (Signing) 8. Flemish language (Belgium) 9. Fon (Volta-Congo) 10. Franco-Provençal or Arpitan (Romance) 11. French (Romance) 12. French Sign Language (Signing) 13. Frisian, North (Germanic) 14. Frisian, Saterland (Germanic) 15. Frisian, West (Germanic) 16. Friulian (Romance) 17. Fula or Fulfulde or Fulani (Atlantic) 18. Fur (Nilo-Saharan)

G- 1. Ga (Volta-Congo) 2. Gadaba (Dravidian) 4. Gagauz (Turkic) 5. Galician (Romance) 6. Gan (Sinitic) 7. Gangte (Tibeto-Burman) 8. Garhwali (Indo-Aryan) 9. Gaulish (Celtic) (extinct) 10. Gayo (Malayo-Polynesian) 11. Gazi (Iranian) 12. Ge'ez (Semitic) (extinct) 13. Gen 14. Georgian (South Caucasian) 15. German (Germanic) 16. German Sign Language (Signing) 17. Ghomara (Berber) (extinct) 18. Gikuyu or Kikuyu (Bantu) 19. Gilbertese 20. Gileki (Iranian) 21. Goaria (Indo-Aryan) 22. Gondi (Dravidian) 23. Gothic (Germanic) (extinct) 24. Gawar-Bati or Gowari or Narsati (Indo-Aryan) 25. Grangali or Gelangali (Indo-Aryan) 26. Greek (Indo-European) 27. Guanche (Berber) (extinct) 28. Guaraní (Tupian) 29. Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) 30. Gula Iro or Kulaal (Volta-Congo) 31. Gullah or Sea Island Creole English (English-based creole) 32. Gusii (Bantu)

H- 1. Hadramautic (Semitic) (extinct) 2. Hadza or Hatsa (Khoisan) 3. Haida or Masset (Na-Dené) 4. Haitian Creole (French-based creole) 5. Hakka (Sinitic) 6. Hän (Athabaskan) 7. Harari (Semitic) 8. Harauti (Indo-Aryan) 9. Harsusi (Semitic) 10. Haryanavi or Haryani or Bangru (Indo-Aryan) (a dialect of Hindi) 11. Harzani (Iranian) 12. Hattic (unclassified, possibly Northwest Caucasian) (extinct) 13. Hausa (Afro-Asiatic) 14. Havasupai or Upland Yuman (Hokan) 15. Hawaiian (Malayo-Polynesian) 16. Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language (Signing) 17. Hazaragi 18. Hebrew (Semitic) 19. Herero (Bantu) 20. Hértevin (Semitic) 21. Hiligaynon or Ilonggo 22. Hindi (Indo-Aryan) 23. Hinukh 24. Hiri Motu 25. Hittite 26. Hixkaryana (Carib) 27. Hmong (Hmong Mien) 28. Ho (Austroasiatic) 29. Hobyót (Semitic) 30. Hopi (Uto-Aztecan 31. Hulaulá (Semitic) 32. Hungarian (Finno-Ugric) 33. Hurrian 34. Hutterite German (Germanic)

I- 1. Ibibio (Volta-Congo) 2. Iban 3. Ibanag (Malayo-Polynesian) 4. Icelandic (Germanic) 5. Igbo or Ibo or Biafra (Volta-Congo) 6. Ikalanga or Kalanga (Bantu) 7. Ili Turki (Turkic) 8. Illinois (Algonquian) (extinct) 9. Ilokano or Ilocano 10. Inari Sami (Finno-Ugric) 11. Indonesian 12. Ingrian or Izhorian (Finno-Ugric) 13. Ingush 14. Inuktitut (Eskimo-Aleut) 15. Inupiaq (Eskimo-Aleut) 16. Inuvialuktun (Eskimo-Aleut) 17. Iraqw (Cushitic) 18. Irish or Irish Gaelic (Celtic) 19. Irish Sign Language (Signing) 20. Irula (Dravidian) 21. Isan or Northeastern Thai (Kradai) 22. Istro-Romanian (Romance) 23. Italian (Romance) 24. Itelmen or Kamchadal

J- 1. Jacaltec or Jakalteko (Mayan) 2. Jalaa (unclassified, possibly Niger-Congo) 3. Japanese (isolated, possibly Altaic) 4. Jaqaru (Aymaran) 5. Jarai (Malayo-Polynesian) 6. Javanese (Malayo-Polynesian) 7. Jibbali or Shehri (Semitic) 8. Jicarilla Apache (Athabaskan) 9. Juang (Austro-Asiatic) 10. Judeo-Aramaic (Semitic) (extinct) 11. Jurchen (Tungusic) (extinct)

K- 1. Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian) 2. Kabyle (Berber) 3. Kachin or Jingpo (Tibeto-Burman) 4. Kalaallisut or Greenlandic (Eskimo-Aleut) 5. Kalami or Gawri or Dirwali (Indo-Aryan) 6. Kalasha (Indo-Aryan) 7. Kalmyk or Oirat (Mongolic) 8. Kalto or Nahali 9. Kamas (Samoyedic) (extinct) 10. Kankanai or Kankanaey 11. Kannada (Dravidian) 12. Kaonde or Chikaonde (Bantu) 13. Kapampangan 14. Karachay-Balkar (Turkic) 15. Karagas (Turkic) 16. Karaim (Turkic) 17. Karakalpak (Turkic) 18. Karelian (Finno-Ugric) 19. Kashmiri (Indo-Aryan) 20. Kashubian (Slavic) 21. Kawi 22. Kazakh (Turkic) 23. Kemi Sami 24. Kensiu 25. Kerek (Paleosiberian) 26. Ket 27. Khakas (Turkic) 28. Khalaj (Turkic) 29. Kham or Sheshi (Tibeto-Burman) 30. Khandeshi (Indo-Aryan) 31. Khanty or Ostyak (Finno-Ugric) 32. Khasi (Austro-Asiatic) 33. Khazar (probably Turkic) (extinct) 34. Khirwar (Dravidian) 35. Khmer (Austro-Asiatic) 36. Khmu (Austro-Asiatic) 37. Khowar (Indo-Aryan) 38. Khunsari (Iranian) 39. Kildin Sami (Baltic-Finnic) 40. Kimatuumbi (Bantu) 41. Kinaray-a or Hiraya 42. Kinyarwanda 43. Kirombo (Bantu) 44. Kirundi (Bantu) 45. Kivunjo (Bantu) 46. Klallam or Clallam (Salishan) 47. Kodava Takk or Kodagu or Coorgi (Dravidian) 48. Kohistani or Khili (Indo-Aryan) 49. Kolami (Dravidian) 50. Komi or Komi-Zyrian (Finno-Ugric) 51. Konda (Trans–New Guinea) 52. Konkani (Indo-Aryan) 53. Kongo or Kikongo (Bantu) 54. Koraga (Dravidian) 55. Korandje (Nilo-Saharan) 56. Korean (isolated) 57. Korku (Austro-Asiatic) 58. Korowai (Trans–New Guinea) 59. Korwa (Austro-Asiatic) 60. Koryak (Chukotko-Kamchatkan) 61. Kosraean (Malayo-Polynesian) 62. Kota (Dravidian) 63. Koyra Chiini or Western Songhay (Nilo-Saharan) 64. Koy Sanjaq Surat (Semitic) 65. Koya (Dravidian) 66. Krymchak or Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Turkic) 67. Kujarge (unclassified, perhaps Chadic) 68. Kui (Dravidian) 69. Kumauni (Indo-Aryan) 70. Kumyk (Turkic) 71. Kumzari (Iranian) 72. ǃKung (Khoisan) 73. Kurdish (Iranian) 74. Kurukh or Kurux (Dravidian) 75. Kurumba (Dravidian) 76. Kusunda (Tibeto-Burman) (extinct) 77. Kutenai or Kootenay or Ktunaxa (isolated) 78. Kuvi (Dravidian) 79. Kwanyama or Ovambo (Bantu) 80. Kxoe (Khoisan) 81. Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (Turkic)

L- 1. Laal (unclassified) 2. Ladakhi (Tibeto-Burman) 3. Ladin (Romance) 4. Ladino or Judeo-Spanish (Romance) 5. Lakota or Lakhota or Teton (Siouan) 6. Lambadi or Lamani or Banjari (Indo-Aryan) 7. Lao or Laotian (Kradai) 8. Latin (Romance) (liturgical language) 9. Latvian (Baltic) 10. Laz or Lazuri (South Caucasian) 11. Lenape or Unami or Delaware 12. Leonese (Romance) 13. Lepontic (Celtic) (extinct) 14. Lezgi or Agul (Northeast Caucasian) 15. Ligbi or Ligby (Mande) 16. Limburgish (Germanic) 17. Lingala (Bantu) 18. Lipan Apache (Athabascan) 19. Lisan al-Dawat (Indo-Aryan) 20. Lishana Deni (Semitic) 21. Lishanid Noshan or Lishana Didan (Semitic) 22. Lithuanian (Baltic) 23. Livonian or Liv (Finno-Ugric) 24. Lombard (Romance) 25. Lotha (Tibeto-Burman) 26. Low German or Low Saxon or Plattdeutsch (Germanic) 27. Lower Sorbian (Slavic) 28. Lozi or Silozi (Bantu) 29. Ludic or Ludian (Finno-Ugric) 30. Luganda (Bantu) 31. Lunda or Chilunda (Bantu) 32. Luri (Iranian) 33. Lushootseed (Salishan) 34. Lusoga or Soga (Bantu) 35. Luvale (Bantu) 36. Luwati (Indo-Iranian) 37. Luwian or Luvian (Anatolian) (extinct) 38. Luxembourgish (Germanic) 39. Lycian 40. Lydian

M- 1. Macedonian (Slavic) 2. Macedonian, Ancient 3. Magadhi (Indo-Aryan) 4. Maguindanao (Malayo-Polynesian) 5. Mahican (Algonquian) (extinct) 6. Mahl (Indo-Aryan) 7. Maithili (Indo-Aryan) 8. Makasar (Malayo-Polynesian) 9. Makhuwa or Makua (Bantu) 10. Makhuwa-Meetto (Bantu) 11. Malagasy (Malayo-Polynesian) 12. Malay (Malayo-Polynesian) 13. Malayalam (Dravidian) 14. Malaysian Sign Language (Signing) 15. Maltese (Semitic) 16. Malto or Sauria Paharia (Dravidian) 17. Malvi or Malavi or Ujjaini (Indo-Aryan) 18. Mam (Mayan) 19. Manchurian (Tungusic) 20. Manda (Dravidian) 21. Mandaic (Semitic) 22. Mandarin (Sinitic) 23. Mandinka (Niger-Congo) 24. Mansi or Vogul (Finno-Ugric) 25. Manx (Celtic) 26. Manyika (Bantu) 27. Maori (Malayo-Polynesian) 28. Mapudungun or Mapuche (isolated) 29. Maragoli (Bantu) 30. Maranao (Malayo-Polynesian) 31. Marathi (Indo-Aryan) 32. Mari or Cheremis (Finno-Ugric) 33. Maria (Dravidian) 34. Marquesan (Malayo-Polynesian) 35. Marshallese or Ebon 36. Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (Signing) 37. Masaba (Bantu) 38. Masbatenyo or Minasbate (Malayo-Polynesian 39. Meitei or Manipuri or Meithei (Tibeto-Burman) 40. Mesqan or Masqan (Semitic) 41. Mator (Samoyedic) (extinct) 42. Mauritian Creole or Morisyen 43. Maya (Mayan) 44. Mazandarani or Tabari(Iranian) 45. Meänkieli or Tornedalen Finnish (Finno-Ugric) 46. Megleno-Romanian (Romance) 47. Megrelian or Mingrelian (South Caucasian) 48. Mehri or Mahri (Semitic) 49. Menominee (Algonquian) 50. Mentawai (Malayo-Polynesian) 51. Meroitic 52. Merya (Finno-Ugric) (extinct) 53. Mescalero Apache (Athabaskan) 54. Mesmes (Semitic) (extinct) 55. Messapian (Indo-European (extinct) 56. Meru or Kimeru (Bantu) 57. Miami (Algonquian) (extinct) 58. Michif (mixed, French and Cree based) 59. Middle Dutch (Germanic) (extinct) 60. Middle English (Germanic) (extinct) 61. Middle French (Romance) (extinct) 62. Middle High German (Germanic) (extinct) 63. Middle Persian or Pahlavi (Iranian) (extinct) 64. Mikasuki or Miccosukee (Muskogean) 65. Mi'kmaq or Micmac (Algonquian) 66. Minaean (Semitic) (extinct) 67. Minangkabau (Malayo-Polynesian) 68. Mirandese (Romance) 69. Mlahsô or Suryoyo (Semitic) (extinct) 70. Moabite (Semitic) (extinct) 71. Mobilian Jargon 72. Moghol 73. Mohawk (Iroquoian) 74. Mohegan (Algonquian) (extinct) 75. Moksha (Finno-Ugric) 76. Molengue (Bantu) 77. Mon (Austro-Asiatic) 78. Mongolian (Mongolic) 79. Mono (Volta-Congo) 80. Mono (Uto-Aztecan) 81. Mono (Malayo-Polynesian) 82. Montagnais (Algonquian) 83. Montenegrin (Slavic) 84. Motu (Malayo-Polynesian) 85. Mpre (unclassified, perhaps Niger-Congo or isolated) (extinct) 86. Muher (Semitic) 87. Mukha-Dora or Nuka (unclassified) 88. Mundari (Austro-Asiatic) 89. Munji (Iranian) 90. Murcian (Murcian) 91. Muria (Dravidian) 92. Muromian (Finno-Ugric) (extinct) 93. Murut (Malayo-Polynesian)

N- 1. Nafaanra (Volta-Congo) 2. Nagarchal (Dravidian) 3. Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan) 4. Naiki (Dravidian) 5. Nama (Khoisan) 6. Nanai (Tungusic) 7. Natanzi (Iranian) 8. Nauruan (Malayo-Polynesian) 9. Navajo or Navaho (Na-Dené) 10. Nayini or Biyabanak (Iranian) 11. Ndau or Southeast Shona (Bantu) 12. Ndebele (Bantu) 13. Ndonga (Bantu) 14. Neapolitan (Romance) 15. Negidal (Tungusic) 16. Nenets or Yurak (Samoyedic) 17. Nepal Bhasa or Newari (Tibeto-Burman) 18. Nepali (Indo-Aryan) 19. New Zealand Sign Language (Signing) 20. Nganasan or Tavgi (Samoyedic) 21. Ngumba (Bantu) 22. Nheengatu or Geral or Modern Tupí (Tupian) 23. Nias 24. Nicaraguan Sign Language (Signing) 25. Nicola) (Athabaskan languages) (extinct) 26. Niellim (Volta-Congo) 27. Nigerian Pidgin (pidgin, English-based) 28. Nisenan 29. Niuean or Niue 30. Nivkh or Gilyak (isolated) 31. Nogai (Turkic) 32. Norfuk or Norfolk or Pitcairn-Norfolk 33. Norman or Norman-French (Romance) 34. Norn (Germanic) (extinct) 35. Northern Sami (Finno-Ugric) 36. Northern Sotho or Sepedi (Bantu) 37. Northern Straits Salish) (Salishan) 38. Northern Yukaghir (Yukaghir) 39. Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk, Riksmål) (Germanic) 40. Nuer (Nilotic) 41. Nuxálk or Bella Coola (Salishan) 42. Nyabwa (Volta-Congo) 43. Nyah Kur (Austro-Asiatic) 44. Nyangumarta (Pama-Nyungan) 45. Nyoro (Bantu)

O- 1. Occitan or Provençal (Romance) 2. Ojibwe or Ojibwa or Chippewa (Algonquian) 3. Old Church Slavonic 4. Old English or Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) (extinct) 5. Old French (Romance) (extinct) 6. Old French Sign Language (Signing) (extinct) 7. Old High German (Germanic) (extinct) 8. Old Norse (Germanic) (extinct) 9. Old Nubian language (Nilo-Saharan) (extinct) 10. Old Persian (Iranian) (extinct) 11. Old Prussian (Baltic) (extinct) 12. Old Saxon (Germanic) (extinct) 13. Old South Arabic (Semitic) (extinct) 14. Old Tupi or Tupinamba (Tupian) (extinct) 15. Olonets Karelian or Liv or Livvi (Finno-Ugric) 16. Omagua (Tupian) 17. Ongota (Afro-Asiatic) 18. Oriya (Indo-Aryan) 19. Ormuri (Iranian) 20. Oroch (Tungusic) 21. Orok (Tungusic) 22. Oromo or Afaan Oromoo (Cushitic) 23. Oropom (unclassified) (extinct) 24. Ossetic or Ossetian (Iranian) 25. Ottoman Turkish (Turkic) (extinct)

P- 1. Páez or Nasa Yuwe (isolated) 2. Palaic (Anatolian) (extinct) 3. Palauan (Malayo-Polynesian) 4. Pali (Indo-Aryan) (extinct) 5. Pangasinan (Malayo-Polynesian) 6. Papiamento or Papiamentu 7. Parachi (Iranian) 8. Parauk (Austro-Asiatic) 9. Parji or Duruwa (Dravidian) 10. Parya (Indo-Aryan) 11. Pashto or Pushto or Pashtu (Iranian) 12. Passamaquoddy or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy or Malecite-Passamaquoddy (Algonquian) 13. Pecheneg (Turkic) (extinct) 14. Pemon or Pemong (Cariban) 15. Pengo (Dravidian) 16. Pennacook (Algonquian) 17. Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German (Germanic) 18. Pentlatch or Puntlatch (Salishan) (extinct) 19. Persian or Farsi (Iranian) 20. Phalura (Indo-Aryan) 21. Phoenician (Semitic) (extinct) 22. Phrygian (Indo-European) (extinct) 23. Phuthi (Bantu) 24. Picard (Romance) 25. Pictish (Celtic) (extinct) 26. Pirahã (Mura) 27. Pisidian (Anatolian) (extinct) 28. Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German (Germanic) 29. Polabian (Slavic) (extinct) 30. Polish (Slavic) 31. Portuguese (Romance) 32. Pothohari or Pahari-Potwari (Indo-Aryan) 33. Potiguara (Tupian) (extinct) 34. Pradhan or Pardhan (Dravidian) 35. Prakrit (Indo-Aryan) (extinct) 36. Proto-Indo-European (Indo-European) (extinct) 37. Puelche (isolated) 38. Puma (Tibeto-Burman) 39. Punjabi or Panjabi or Gurmukhi (Indo-Aryan)

Q- 1. Qashqai or Ghashghai (Turkic) 2. Qatabanian (Semitic) (extinct) 3. Quebec Sign Language (Signing) 4. Quechua (Quechuan)

R- 1. Rajasthani (Indo-Aryan) 2. Ratagnon or Datagnon or Latagnun (Malayo-Polynesian) 3. Réunion Creole or Bourbonnais (French-based creole) 4. Romanian (Romance) 5. Romansh or Rhaeto-Romance (Romance) 6. Romany (Indo-Iranian) 7. Romblomanon (Malayo-Polynesian) 8. Rotokas (East Papuan) 9. Runyankole language or Nyankore (Bantu) 10. Russenorsk (Russian-Norwegian pidgin) (extinct) 11. Russian (Slavic) 12. Russian Sign Language (Signing) 13. Ruthenian or Rusyn or Carpathian (Slavic)

S- 1. Sabaean (Semitic) (extinct) 2. Salar (Turkic) 3. Samaritan Hebrew (Semitic) (extinct) 4. Samoan (Malayo-Polynesian) 5. Sandawe (Khoisan) 6. Sangisari or Sangesari (Iranian) 7. Sanglechi-Ishkashimi (Iranian) 8. Sango (Ngbandi-based creole) 9. Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan) (liturgical language) 10. Santali (Austro-Asiatic) 11. Sara (Malayo-Polynesian) 12. Saramaccan (English-based creole) 13. Sardinian (Romance) 14. Sarikoli (Iranian) 15. Saurashtra or Sourashtra (Indo-Aryan) 16. Savara (Dravidian) 17. Savi (Indo-Aryan) 18. Sawai (Malayo-Polynesian) 19. Scots or Ulster Scots or Hiberno-Scots or Ullans (Germanic) 20. Scots Gaelic or Scottish Gaelic or Gaidhlig or Gaelic (Celtic) 21. Selangor Sign Language (Signing) 22. Selkup or Ostyak Samoyed (Samoyedic) 23. Selonian (Baltic) (extinct) 24. Semnani (Iranian) 25. Senaya (Semitic) 26. Sened (Berber) (extinct) 27. Senhaja de Srair (Berber) (extinct) 28. Sephardi Hebrew (Semitic) 29. Serbian (Slavic) 30. Serbo-Croatian (Slavic) 31. Sesotho (Bantu) 32. Seto or Setu (Finno-Ugric) 33. Seychellois Creole (French-based creole) 34. Shahrudi (Iranian) 35. Shimaore (Bantu) 36. Shina (Indo-Aryan) 37. Shona (Bantu) 38. Shor (Turkic) 39. Shughni (Iranian) 40. Shumashti (Indo-Aryan) 41. Shuswap (Salishan) 42. Sicilian (Romance) 43. Sidamo (Cushitic) 44. Sidetic (Anatolian) (extinct) 45. Sika (Malayo-Polynesian) 46. Silesian (Slavic) 47. Silt'e or Selti or East Gurage (Semitic) 48. Sindhi (Indo-Aryan) 49. Sinhalese (Indo-Aryan) 50. Sioux (Siouan) 51. Siraiki or Seraiki or Southern Punjabi (Indo-Aryan) 52. Sivandi (Iranian) 53. Skolt Sami (Finno-Ugric) 54. Slavey (Athabaskan) 55. Slovak (Slavic) 56. Slovene or Slovenian (Slavic) 57. Soddo or Kistane (Semitic) 58. Soi (Iranian) 59. Somali (Cushitic) 60. Sonjo or Temi (Bantu) 61. Sonsorolese or Sonsorol (Malayo-Polynesian) 62. Soqotri (Semitic) 63. Sora (Austro-Asiatic) 64. Sorbian, Lower (Slavic) 65. Sorbian, Upper (Slavic) 66. Sourashtra (Indo-Aryan) 67. Southern Sami (Finno-Ugric) 68. South Estonian (Finno-Ugric) 69. Southern Yukaghir or Tundra Yukaghir (Yukaghir) 70. Spanish (Romance) 71. Sranan Tongo (English-based creole) 72. St'at'imcets or Lillooet (Salishan) 73. Sucite or Sìcìté Sénoufo (Volta-Congo) 74. Suba (Bantu) 75. Sudovian or Yotvingian (Baltic) (extinct) 76. Sumerian (isolated) (extinct) 77. Sundanese (Malayo-Polynesian) 78. Supyire or Supyire Senoufo (Volta-Congo) 79. Surigaonon (Malayo-Polynesian) 80. Susu (Niger-Congo) 81. Svan (South Caucasian) 82. Swahili (Bantu) 83. Swati or Swazi or Siswati or Seswati (Bantu) 84. Swedish (Germanic) 85. Syriac (Semitic)

T- 1. Tabasaran or Tabassaran (Northeast Caucasian) 2. Tachelhit (Berber) 3. Tagalog (Malayo-Polynesian) 4. Tahitian (Malayo-Polynesian) 5. Taiwanese Sign Language (Signing) 6. Tajik (Iranian) 7. Takestani (Iranian) 8. Talysh (Iranian) 9. Tamil (Dravidian) 10. Tanacross (Athabaskan) 11. Tangut or Xixia (Tibeto-Burman) (extinct) 12. Tarifit or Rifi or Riff Berber (Berber) 13. Tat or Tati (Iranian) 14. Tatar (Turkic) 15. Tausug (Malayo-Polynesian) 16. Tehuelche (Chon) 17. Telugu (Dravidian) 18. Temiar or Northern Sakai (Austro-Asiatic) 19. Tetum (Malayo-Polynesian) 20. Tepehua language (Totonacan) 21. Tepehuán language (Uto-Aztecan)) 22. Thai (Kradai) 23. Tharu (Indo-Aryan) 24. Thracian (Indo-European) (extinct) 25. Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) 26. Tigre or Xasa (Semitic) 27. Tigrinya (Semitic) 28. Tillamook (Salishan) (extinct) 29. Tirahi (Indo-Aryan) 30. Tiv (Volta-Congo) 31. Tlingit (Na-Dené) 32. Tobian (Malayo-Polynesian) 33. Tocharian A and B (Indo-European) (extinct) 34. Toda (Dravidian) 35. Tok Pisin (English-based creole) 36. Tokelauan (Malayo-Polynesian) 37. Tonga (Bantu) 38. Tongan (Malayo-Polynesian) 39. Tongva (Uto-Aztecan) (extinct) 40. Torwali or Turvali (Indo-Aryan) 41. Tregami (Indo-Aryan) 42. Tsat (Malayo-Polynesian) 43. Tsez or Dido (Northeast Caucasian) 44. Tshiluba or Luba-Kasai or Luba-Lulua (Bantu) 45. Tsimshian (Penutian) 46. Tsonga (Bantu) 47. Tswana or Setswana (Bantu) 48. Tu or Monguor (Mongolic) 49. Tuareg languages or Tamasheq (Berber) 50. Tulu (Dravidian) 51. Tumbuka (Bantu) 52. Tupiniquim (Tupian) 53. Turkish (Turkic) 54. Turkmen (Turkic) 55. Turoyo (Semitic) 56. Tuvaluan (Malayo-Polynesian) 57. Tuvan Tuvin or Tyvan (Turkic)

U- 1. Ubykh (Northwest Caucasian) (extinct) 2. Udihe or Ude or Udege (Tungusic) 3. Udmurt or Votyak (Finno-Ugric) 4. Ugaritic (Semitic) (extinct) 5. Ukrainian (Slavic) 6. Ulbare (Semitic) 7. Ulch or Olcha (Tungusic) 8. Unserdeutsch or Rabaul Creole German 9. Upper Sorbian (Slavic) 10. Urdu (Pakistani) 11. Uripiv (Malayo-Polynesian) 12. Urum (Turkic) 13. Ute (Uto-Aztecan) 14. Uyghur or Uigur (Turkic) 15. Uzbek (Turkic)

V- 1. Vafsi (Iranian) 2. Valencian (Romance) 3. Valencian Sign Language (Signing) 4. Vasi-vari or Prasuni (Indo-Aryan) 5. Venda or Tshivenda (Bantu) 6. Venetian (Romance) 7. Veps (Finno-Ugric) 8. Vietnamese (Austro-Asiatic) 9. Võro (Finno-Ugric) 10. Votic or Votian (Finno-Ugric)

W- 1. Waddar (Dravidian) 2. Waigali or Kalasha-Ala (Indo-Aryan) 3. Waima or Roro (Malayo-Polynesian) 4. Wakhi (Iranian) 5. Walloon (Romance) 6. Waneci (Iranian) 7. Wapishana or Aruma (Arawakan) 8. Waray-Waray or Binisaya (Malayo-Polynesian) 9. Washo (Hokan) 10. Welsh (Celtic) 11. Western Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) 12. Weyto 13. Wolane (Silt'e) (Semitic) 14. Wolof (Niger-Congo) 15. Wotapuri-Katarqalai (Indo-Aryan) 16. Wu (Sinitic)

X- 1. ǀXam (Khoisan) (extinct) 2. Xhosa (Bantu) 3. Xiang (Sinitic) 4. Xibe or Sibo (Tungusic) 5. Xipaya (Tupian)

Y- 1. Yaaku language 2. Yaeyama language 3. Yakut 4. Yankunytjatjara language 5. Yanomami 6. Yanyuwa language 7. Yapese 8. Yaqui language 9. Yauma language (Bantu) 10. Yavapai language 11. Yazdi (Iranian) 12. Yemenite Hebrew language (Semitic) 13. Yeni language 14. Yevanic language 15. Yi language 16. Yiddish (Germanic) 17. Yogur 18. Yokutsan languages 19. Yonaguni language 20. Yorùbá language 21. Yucatec Maya language 22. Yucatec Maya Sign Language (Signing) 23. Yuchi language 24. Yugur 25. Yukaghir languages 26. Yupik language (Eskimo-Aleut) 27. Yurats language 28. Yurok la



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